Steel Interchange

If you've ever asked yourself "why?" about something related to structural steel design or construction, Modern Steel Construction's monthly Steel Interchange column is for you! Send your questions or comments to solutions@aisc.org.

April 2024
Is Weld Reinforcement Required per AISC 341?
Rolled Heavy Shapes
Hooked Anchor Rods in Tension

March 2024
Space Rocket Loading
Slotted-Holes in Single-Plate Connections
Corner Clip Dimensions
Change in tp equation in AISC Design Guide 39
Compression Ring Design

February 2024
Shim and Filler Plate Thickness
Missing Steel-Headed Stud Anchors
End-Plate Moment Connection Equation Discrepancy

January 2024
Avoid Single-Sided Welds
Heat-Assisted Stud Bend Testing

December 2023
Equation 10-1 Derivation
Protected Zones

November 2023
Horizontal Brace Load Path
Rusted Edge Responsibility
Surveying Responsibility

October 2023
Sag in Rod Bracing
Available Strengths of Floor Plates
Two vs. Four Anchor Rods
Beams Copes Aid Erection
Oversized Holes in All Plies

September 2023
Evolution of Historical Buildings pre-1900
Change to Standard Bolt Hole Size in the 2016 AISC Specification

August 2023
Fillet Weld Available Strength Determination
Extended Single-Plate Connection Weld Size Uncertainty
Calculating the A/P Ratio for HSS Fire Protection

July 2023
Minimum Thread Requirement within the Bolt Grip
Roughening Galvanized Surfaces

June 2023
Oil on Galvanized Nut Threads
Stiffener Attachments to Flanges
Who Certifies Steel?
HSS Branch Wall Slenderness
Flange Plate Buckling Between Intermittent Welds

May 2023
Single-Angle Compression Members
Evaluating Bolt Strength in Old Structures
Seeking Column Splice Detail Input

April 2023
Fabrication and Erection Tolerances for AESS Category 2
Counterfeit Bolts
Incorporating Sustainability in Design
Material Identification and Piece Marking

March 2023
Connecting to W8 Column Webs
CJP Weld with Nonsteel Backing
Section J10.7 Stiffener Requirements
HSS Torsional Constant
Class A Coating Applied Over a Class B Coating

February 2023
Column Reinforcement for Longer Unbraced Length
Hot-Rolled Structural Sections
Reinforcing a Wide-Flange Beam Due to Local Flange Bending

January 2023
F3148 Fasteners
HSS Corner Radius
Single-Plate Beam-to-Girder Connection

December 2022
Base Metal Check
SpeedCore Reinforcement
WT Reinforcement Stabilizer Plates

November 2022
SCBF Supported by a Concrete Beam
Field Cutting Existing Moment Connection
Compressible Material
Minimum Weld Distance

October 2022
Web Sidesway Buckling

September 2022
Variable Superelevation of Twin Tub Girder Bridge Decks
Pairing F844 Washers with Anchor Rods
Tightening Nuts on Anchor Rods

August 2022
Vertically Curved Members with H/Ls < 0.1
Special Moment Frame Connection to the Weak Axis of a Wide-Flange Column
Bracing Members with Skewed Braces

July 2022
Flanges and Webs with Concentrated Loads

June 2022
Significant Load Reversal
Galvanized High-Strength Bolts
Various Interaction Equations

May 2022
Protected Zone Clarification
Accommodation of Brace Buckling at Embedded Gusset Plate Connections
Minimum Bolt Edge Distance
Reusing Anchor Rods

April 2022
Welded Stiffened Seat Eccentricity
Slip-Critical in Bolted Moment Connections
Slip-Critical in Welded Moment Connections
Steel Bridge Design Handbook
Fillet Weld Directional Strength Increase

March 2022
Chevron Brace Force Distribution

February 2022
Approved Pretensioning Methods
Bridge Welding
Repair of Corrosion Damage
Flange Local Bending vs. Prying
Stitch Welds in SCBF Braces

January 2022
Strengthening Existing Columns
Weak-axis Shear in a Wide Flange Member

December 2021
Historic Steel and Available Strength
HSS Y-Connection Weld Design

November 2021
ASTM A770 and Thick Base Plates
Weak Axis Loading of Single-Plate Connection
HSS Weld Seams and AESS

October 2021
AB Column Shape Designation
End-Plate Moment Connection Stiffeners
AISC Steel Construction Manual Table 10-10a--Controlling Limit State

September 2021
Shear Buckling Coefficient
Built-up Compression Member
Web Local Yielding

August 2021
Reinforcement Design and Residual Stresses
Welding Reinforcement Plates
Fabricating Bolt Holes
Angle Brace Work Point

July 2021
Beams with Warped Webs
Bridge Girder Depth and Transportation
Fillet vs. CJP Welds
Visible Coating Defect
Double-Nut and Bolt Loosening
SpeedCore Design Guide Availability
Single-Plate Connections to HSS

June 2021
High-Temperature Applications
Material Properties
Welds
Stability
Creep
Graphitization

May 2021
Flare-Bevel Groove Welds
Changes between the 14th and 15th Manual Editions
Notional Loads and Serviceability
Shear End-Plate Connection Gaps

April 2021
Changes in the Latest Specification
Thermal Breaks
Type 1 Fasteners with Weathering Steel Girders
Adopting the RCSC Specification
Washer Limits within the Grip
Installation Methods

March 2021
Restraint Classifications
Global Warming Potential Difference in an HSS Environmental Product Declaration (EPD)
Effective Weld Area of a Flare Bevel Groove Weld
SCBF Beam-to-Column Connection

February 2021
Mild Steel Shims
Channel Gage
Theoretical Cutoff Point
3D Models and Communication
Random Basis

January 2021
ASTM A529 Material
Bolt Holes for Bridge Projects
Combined Loading
Steel Beam from 1938

December 2020
Evaluating a Floor System Designed in 1913
Fatigue in Weld Metal
Prying Check Methods
Slip-Critical in Bolted Moment Connections
Slip-Critical in Welded Moment Connections
Fillet Welds Placed Over Gaps

November 2020
Top Flange Steel Bracing
Acceptable Weld Profile
Shear Stiffness Reduction
Castellated Beam Fabrication
End-Loaded Connections with Multiple Faying Surfaces

October 2020
Steel Dimensioning Tool
Fourth Edition Seismic Design Manual
Conference Proceedings
Helpful AISC Publications
Eye Bolts
Ordinary Moment Frame Weld Requirements
PDF Copy of Seismic Design Manual

September 2020
Warping Stresses
Placing Welds on Existing Welds

August 2020
What Side of a Groove Weld is Backgouged?
Removing Requirements
Intermittent PJP Weld Spacing
Chapter K Ductility Requirement
Clarification of NSBA Splice Spreadsheet

July 2020
Standard for SpeedCore
Collaboration with AISI
AISC 342: Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Existing Structural Steel Buildings
ASD vs. LRFD

June 2020
Multistory Structures Taller than 125 ft
Width-to-Thickness Ratios for Beam-Columns
Prying at Stiffened Beam Flange Bolted Connections

May 2020
Column Eccentricity
Intermittent Fillet Weld Spacing for Tension Members
Beam Stability Bracing

April 2020
Half-Inch-Diameter Grade A325 Bolts
Weldability of Structural Steel
Base Plate Load Distribution

March 2020
Plumbness and Straightness Tolerance
Moderate and Highly Ductile Member Requirements in the Seismic Provisions

February 2020
Moment Connection Load Paths into HSS Columns
Pretension and End-Plate Moment Connections
Calculating Column Shear
Normal-Looking Connections

January 2020
Gusset Plate Edge Stiffeners
Purchasing Agents and Tension-Control Bolts
Beam to Round HSS Clamp Connection
Turn-of-Nut and Pre-Installation Verification
Bracing Columns with Skewed Beams

December 2019
Weld Strength at Elevated Temperatures
Welding Plate Washers to Base Plates
Responsibility for Lintels
Weld Access Hole Requirements for RBS Moment Connections

November 2019
Round HSS Connections
Fillet Weld Designs at the Compression Flange
Undersized Fillet Welds
Steel "Like New"

October 2019
Rules of Thumb
Upset Rods
AWS Comparator Sample 1
Yield Line Checks Near HSS Member Ends
Torsionally Pinned Connections

September 2019
Vertical Welds in a Downward Direction
Proper Value for Sx
Section Property Changes
Headed Stud Anchors
Moment Connected Channel Shapes

August 2019
Fixed Ladder OSHA Requirements
Flexural Strength of a Coped Section
Washer Requirements
Different Color Manuals
Beam Bearing Plates

July 2019
Stress Dispersion Angles for Loads Passing Through Plate Elements
Torsional Properties
AESS Meeting Expectations
Repair of Mill-Induced Discontinuities

June 2019
End-Loaded Connections
Curved Member Distortion
WT Shapes Bent About the Weak Axis
Single-Plate Connection Design Procedure: Mandatory or Recommended

May 2019
Not Using Presqualified Material per AWS D1.1
Adequate Job-site Storage Space
Bending HSS Shapes
NDT Requirements for CJP Welds
Clearances for Slotted HSS Braces
Fit-up of Bearing Stiffeners
Wrapping Welds for Braces in an SCBF System

April 2019
Field Verification and Flange Thickness Tolerance
Local Buckling of Rectangular Bars
Vibration and Low Natural Frequency
Unzipping Welds

NASCC Special Issue 2019
ASTM A500 Grade C
EDI Naming Convention
Fabricating Anchor Rods
Beams Loaded Below Their Centroid
AISC or RCSC
OCBF vs. SCBF Brace Slenderness Requirements

March 2019
Bracing Multiple Beams
Concentrated Forces on Channels
Section Properties for Historic Shapes
Longer Deck Spans
Updated List of Certified Fabricators

February 2019
Out-of-Print Publications
Metric vs. Imperial Bolt Hole Sizes
Excessive Root Openings
Small HSS Shapes
Column Web Workable Gages
Partial Depth Stiffeners

January 2019
Stability of Beams During Erection
Pretensioned Bolts in Moment End Plates
Limiting the Number of Field Splices
Grinding Between Weld Passes
Shear Lag

December 2018
Welding in the K-Area
Staggered Bolts
Anchors in Base Plates
Who Provides Backing?
Nondestructive Testing Performed by the Fabricator

November 2018
Cover of Design Guide 29
Second-order Effects and Column Design

October 2018
Weld Inspection Acceptance Criteria
Connection to Supports
Galvanized Architecturally Exposed Strutural Steel (AESS)
Pretension in Snug-Tight Connections
Small Section Sizes

September 2018
Bolt Head and Nut Angles
Bolting Inspections
Nondestructive Testing of Weld Access Holes
Overstrength and Headed Stud Anchors

August 2018
Weld All Around?
Specifying Weld Metal
Filling of Weld Access and Erection Holes
Beam End Reactions Based on Uniform Design Loads

July 2018
Rolled vs. Cut Threads in Threaded Parts
Unframed Ends
Eccentricity on Columns
Contrained-Axis Torsional Buckling

June 2018
Flanges with Concentrated Forces
Stress Concentrations
Use of Oversized Holes in Bolted Flange-Plate Moment Connections

May 2018
Shear Lag and Eccentricity
Weld Access Holes in Prequalified Moment Connections
Effect of Pretension on Tension Strength of Bolts
Specifying Bolts

April 2018
Gusset-to-Column Connection and Lineof-Action Buckling
Alternative Design Procedures

March 2018
Column Web Doubler Plates

February 2018
Thin Plates and Welding
Seismic Response Modification Coefficient, R, Given as 3¼
Weight Savings of Intermediate Moment Frames
Conveyors in a High-Seismic Area

January 2018
Field-Modified Base Plates
Erection Bracing
Shear on Round HSS and their Welds
Weld Access Holes in Seismic Base Plates

December 2017
Flexural Yield Strength of Single Angles
Minimum Bend Radius
"Old" Steel
Welds in Holes

November 2017
Local Buckling of Round HSS
Bolted Connections in the Seismic Force Resisting System
Which Edition of the Manual?
PJP Groove Weld Symbols
Welds that are Too Big

October 2017
Web Openings
Strength Reductions for Members with Holes in the Tension Flange
Pretensioned vs. Snug-Tight Installation

September 2017
Force Distribution and Transfer in Encased Composite Member – Part 1
Force Distribution and Transfer in Encased Composite Member – Part 2
Collision Between Structures
Tension Field Action in End Panels

August 2017
Steel Headed Stud Anchors Welded to Bent Plate
Eccentricity in Combined Axial and Shear Beam End Reaction
Specifying Welds to Develop the Strength of the Base Metal
Using Rubber Mats for Vibration and Sound

July 2017
New Columns over Existing Columns
WT Availability
Consideration of Small Eccentricities
Preferred Plate Material
Bolted Wide-Flange Connections in Special Concentrically Braced Frames

June 2017
Special Inspections and NDT
Shear Center of Channel
Removable Steel
Stainless Steel Fills in Slip-Critical Joints

May 2017
Camber and Specific Instructions to the Contrary
Reinforcing an Existing End-Plate Moment Connection

April 2017
Eccentricity at Axially Loaded Beam-End Connections
Cambering of Cantilevered Beam Framing Continuously Over Column
Slip-Critical “Bolts”
Average Versus Peak Shear Stress

March 2017
Tension-Only OCBFs, Revisited
HSS Beams on Stiffened Seats
Skewed Single-Plate Shear Connections

February 2017
Thermal Cutting in the Field
Unusual End-Plate Moment Connection Geometry
Conflicting Requirements for Seismic Design

January 2017
Headed Stud Anchor Diameter for Composite Beams
Developing Flexural Strength of Spliced Wide-Flange Members
Tributary Length for Prying Action
Fatigue and Removal of Backing for Fatigue
Short-Headed Stud Anchors

December 2016
Chevron Brace with Both Braces in Compression
NDT and Special Inspection Waivers
Channels Warped During Galvanizing
Removal of Shim Stacks
A More Efficient Approach to Uplift
Cambering Plate Girders and Heavy Beams
Demand-Critical Welds on Seismic Projects

November 2016
Composite Beams
Web Compactness for Singly Symmetric I-Sections
Not Qualified vs. Not Approved in ASTM F3125

October 2016
Transverse Stiffeners as Stability Bracing
Mill Orders
Stability Bracing for Members Other Than Wide-Flange Members
Transverse Reinforcement of Composite Beams at Edge Conditions
Eccentric Stability Bracing

September 2016
Through-bolting HSS
Web Openings
Ungrouted Base Plates
Shear Lag in Compression Members
Flare-bevel Groove Welds

August 2016
Classifying Sections for Local Buckling
More Classifying Sections for Local Buckling
Base Plate Models

July 2016
Shear Fatigue in Bolted Connections
Fireproofing and Long-Slotted Holes
Stiffness Considerations for Fully Restrained Connections

June 2016
Composite versus Non-composite Beams
Alternate Fastener Grades
There are Many Ways to Pretension a Bolt — but Only Use One at a Time
Engineer in Training

May 2016
Clevises
Calculating Beam Weight
Calculating Plate Weight
Filled Composite Columns
Field-Cut Holes
Bracing Connections to Column Webs

April 2016
Shop Primer
Blocking, Chipping and Coping
Oversized Holes and Bearing Connections
Hanging Loads from Existing Holes

March 2016
Historical Requirements for Secondary Members
Short-Term Corrosion
Percent Composite Action
Multiple Conditions in a Single WPS

February 2016
Eccentricity on Columns
Minimum Weld Sizes
Slenderness Limits on Columns
Minimum Loads for Splices
Delegated Connection Design

JANUARY 2016
Extended Gages
Double-Slotted HSS Connections

December 2015
Tensile Strength of PJP Groove Welds vs. CJP Groove Welds
Preinstallation Verification of Items Bolted to Ship
L’p for Shapes with Noncompact Flanges
Toughness Testing

November 2015
Certification and Design-Build
Locating Bolts near Welds
Applicability of Floor Flatness and Floor Levelness to Composite Slab
Tension-Only Bracing in Ordinary Braced Frames

october 2015
Corrosion Resistance and Shear Connections
Connection Design Forces
Composite Collectors

September 2015
Eccentricity in Vertical Brace Connections Connected to Column Webs
Concentrated Loads on S-shapes
Pre-tensioning ASTM A490 Bolts with ASTM A325 Pretension Values
Length Tolerance on Members
Gaps in End-Plate Moment Connections
Use of Alternative Cb to Account for Load Height

August 2015
Grinding Between Weld Passes
Reuse of Fasteners Not Addressed in RCSC Specification
Economical Weld Details
Curved Beam References

july 2015
Gusset Buckling
Moment Connections to Unstiffened Column Webs
Levelling a Composite Floor

June 2015
Sloped Washers
Wrench Calibration
Shear Lag
Slotted Holes in Base Plates
Rotational Capacity Testing
Beams with Cap Channels
Location of Pre-installation Verification
Concentrated Loads at the Ends of Members
Stiffener Stability
Galvanized Washers

May 2015
Steel-on-Concrete Slip Coefficient
Dogs and Wedges
Doublers and Stiffeners
Welding Across the Flange
Quiz Correction

April 2015
Bolted Web Connections for Moment Connected Beams
NDT and Approved Fabricators
Approval of Shop Drawings
Fire Protection and Welding to Existing Structures

March 2015
Strength of Concrete-Encased Columns
Code of Standard Practice vs. Contract-Specific Provisions
Maximum Spacing and Edge Distance Requirements
Welding Safety

February 2015
Prying Action - A Wider View
Design of Continuous Gusset
Deflection of Crane Supports

January 2015
Ordinary Moment Frame Truss Systems
Expansion Joint References
Higher-Strength Steels
Web Openings in Plate Girders
Embedded Columns in Special Moment Frames

December 2014
Bolt Entering Direction
Limiting the Number of Field Splices
Partial Thread Engagement
Eccentricity on Coped Beams
Splices in Bent Edge Plate

november 2014
Holes in Baseplates
Design of Structures Outside the Scope of the Specification
Ordering Steel
Erection Aids
Thermally Cut Holes in the Field

October 2014
Reinforcing with Differing Grades of Steel
Curved Members

September 2014
Weld Designation
DTI's Used for Preinstallation Verification
Mixed Hole Sizes in Slip-Critical Connections
Square-Cut Sloping Beams
Special Inspection Waivers for Erectors
Special Inspections and Small Projects
Comparing AISC 360 Chapter J and Appendix 3 Requirements

august 2014
Backing for Seismic Moment Connections to the Weak Axis of Columns
Tension in Bolted Connections with Multiple Lines of Bolts
Column Web Subjected to Out-of-Plane Loading
Beam-Column Restrained at One Flange
Fillet Weld Limitations
Base Plate Washers

July 2014
A36 plate with Fy of Grade 50 plate
Distortion of Moment End Plates
Local Buckling
Pretensioned Bolts in Moment End Plates
Flange-to-Web Weld in Plastic Section
Large-Diameter Bolts

June 2014
Drift Limits
Grouting of Base Plates
PJP Groove Welds in Compression
Stiffened Plates in Flexure

May 2014
Not-Quite-Oversized Holes
ASTM 1085
Stability Bracing
Perform and Observe versus Periodic and Continuous
Turn-of-Nut and Tension Control
Demolition and the Code of Standard Practice
Compression Chord Bracing
Slotted HSS Connections

April 2014
Cold Weather Welding
Plate Girder Stiffeners
Washer Plates for Column Base Plates
Domestic or Foreign Steel?
HSS Wall Thickness
Lateral-Torsional Buckling of Rectangular Bars and Rounds
Fixity of Truss Web Members

March 2014
Stability of Beams During Erection
Fire Rating of Concrete-filled HSS Members
Prequalified Moment Connections
Strength of Anchor Rods
Weight of HSS Members
Shear Lag
Reinforcing Fillet Over CJP Groove Weld

February 2014
Thermal Cutting
Group A & B Bolts
Stability Design and the ELM
Special Inspection
Capacity of Existing Welds
Filling Weld Access Holes

January 2014
Plate Bending
Eccentrically Loaded Bolts
Application of Qf
K-Area Welding
Moment Connection to HSS Column
Base Plate Shear Transfer

October 2013
Fabrication Tolerances
Heat-Straightening
Fillet Weld Directional Strength Increase
Plasma Cutting of Bolt Holes
Beam Camber
Clevis and Turnbuckle Factor of Safety

September 2013
Design of Lifting Lugs
Weld Access Hole Dimensions
NDT Requirements
Field Verification
Slip-Critical Surface Preparation
First Order Analysis Method
Coating Thickness Measurements
Reuse of High-Strength Bolts

August 2013
Erection Tolerances
Shear Lag
Shear Stud Tolerances
Single-Plate Design
Contact Bearing

July 2013
Welding Steel Deck
Vibration Design of Footbridges
Fatigue Design
Filler Metal Strength
Non-Fusable Weld Backing
Historic Cast Iron
Design of Cribbing Beams
AISC Search Utility

June 2013
Tension-Only OCBF
Single-Sided Fillet Welds
A325 Bolt Strength
Significant Load Reversal
Shear Stud Strength
SCBF Brace Slenderness
Piece Mark Appearance
Single-Angle Connection

May 2013
Concrete Cover for Steel Headed Stud Anchors
Minimum Dry Film Thickness
Connection Design Loads
Weld Tabs
Heat Straightening
Rust Guide
Stabilizer Plates

April 2013
What are a structure's important dynamic properties?
What is an acceleration response spectrum?
What is inelastic response?
What is ductility?
How does inelastic response affect a structure?

March 2013
Double-Angle Compression Members
Specifying Clevises and Pins
OCBF Work-Point Eccentricities
Welding Machine Calibration
Erection Marks
Free Edge Buckling of Gusset Plates
Preheat Requirements for Heavy Shapes

February 2013
P -Delta Effects and Second-Order Analysis
Flow-Drilling of HSS
Beam-Column Design
Prying Action in End-Plate Connections
Flange Bending
Slip-Critical Joints with Fills
Diagonal Bracing Connection Design

January 2013
Tolerances on Punched Holes
Braced Frame Stiffness
Alternative Materials
Definition of K-Area
Slots in HSS
Effective Length of X-Bracing
Blast Cleaning and Slip-Critical Connections

December 2012
How to Specify AESS
Loads on Welds
Gusset Plate Design
Field Bolt Quantities
K-Area Welding
Bearing Strength at Bolt Holes in HSS
RBS Welding

November 2012
Code of Standard Practice
Plate Flexure
HSS Connections in OMFs
Use of CMTR Values in Design
ASTM A709 Availability
Stiffness Reduction Factor
Web Sidesway Buckling

October 2012
Non-Destructive Testing of PJP Groove Welds
Field Modifications
Required Stiffness of Braces
Shop Drawing Schedule
Requirements beyond AISC 360
Groove Weld Orientation

September 2012
Erection Plan and Safety Plan
Cb Factor
Single-Angle Design
Connection Eccentricity
Seismic Moment Frame Continuity Plates
HSS Workable Flat
Bolt Hole Size Tolerance
Section Properties

August 2012
Slender Web Flexure/Shear Interaction
Bolted Connection Ductility
Bent Plate
Eccentrically Loaded Single Angles
Reusing Rivet Holes for Bolts
CJP Groove-Welded Flanges in S-Shapes

July 2012
Shear Lag
Partially Restrained Connections
WUF-W Prequalified SMF Connection
Welder Qualification
NDT Methods and Frequencies
Upper Limit on Cb
Riding the Fillet
Tee Stem Local Buckling

June 2012
Minimum Edge Distance
Block Shear with Staggered Bolt Pattern
Safety Standards
Minimum Size of Fillet Welds
Collector Design
Lp for HP Shapes
PJP Groove Weld Callout
Built-Up I-Shapes
SFRS Column Shop Splice

May 2012
Fillet Weld Terminations
Bolt Installation
Built-Up Column Design
Flange Local Bending
ANSI Roughness Criteria
HSS Connection
Extended Single-Plate Connection
Seismic Compactness

April 2012
SMF Connection at Top of Column
Shear Stud Welding
NDT Responsibility
Fatigue Design of Anchor Rods
HSS Connections
Seismic Design of Anchor Rods
Prying Action and A307 Bolts
Design of Bolted Fillers
Column Splice Design

March 2012
Shop Drawing Requirements for Welds
Moment Connection with Extended Single Plate
Extended Single Plate Connection
CVN Testing
Weld Access Hole Geometry
Eccentrically Loaded Single Angles

February 2012
Application of Qf
Weld Access Holes
Single Angles in Compression
Extended Shear Tab Design
Block Shear of Welded Single-Angle Connection
Correction of Errors
T-1 Steel

January 2012
Use of the Inflection Point as a Brace Point
Weld Access Hole Height
Beveled Gusset Corners
Moment Connection to HSS Column
Fillet Weld Design
CJP Groove Weld for Round HSS
Built-Up Shape Tolerances
SCBF Brace Slenderness

December 2011
Strength of a Tapped Hole
Fracture Critical Members
Prying Action
Stitch Plate Design
Eccentricity in Axially Loaded WT-Sections
Minimum Edge Distance
K-Factor for Gusset Buckling
Welding in the k-area

November 2011
Stiffened Seated Connection Strength
Base Plate Shear Transfer
Shape Properties
Welder Identification
Welding Electrode Storage
Fire Design of Concrete-Filled HSS Columns
Eccentrically Loaded Bolt Groups

October 2011
Eccentrically Loaded Bolts
Use of Lock Washers
Established Finish Line
Material Availability
Fixed Connection to HSS Columns
NDT per AISC 360 Chapter N
OMF Connection Design
Monorail Runway Design

September 2011
Flexural Strength of a Box Section
Double-Angle Connections
Joists in SMF Protected Zone
Workable Gage
AESS and Stiffener Corner Clips
Detailing for Steel Construction
OCBF Unbalanced Load
Multiple Washers
Long-Slotted Holes
Protected Storage of Bolts

August 2011
Design of Bracing Connections
Shear Lag
Galvanized Anchor Rods
Welding Historic Steels
Single-Angle Shear Strength
Beam Bracing
Preinstallation Verification Testing
Fillet Weld Design
Composite Beam Design
Proper Nut Orientation

July 2011
Silicon Steel
PJP Groove Weld Strength
Coatings for Faying Surfaces
OMF Connection Design
Round HSS Biaxial Bending
HSS Connection Design
Impact Loading
Single Angle LTB
Double Angle Connections

June 2011
Changes to Delegated Connection Designs
Fillet Weld to Skewed Plate
Bolting Cost Comparison Article
Maximum Fillet Weld Size
IMF Panel Zone Strength
Evaluation of Existing Structures
Existing Column Out-of-Plumb
Seismic End-Plate Width
Bracing Connection Design

May 2011
Strength of PJP Groove Welds
Weld Intersection Fatigue Category
Elliptical Hollow Sections
High-Strength Bolts
Ceramic Weld Backing

April 2011
Web Sideway Buckling
Weld Strength Calculation
Composite Beam Design
Combined Loading
Stairs and Handrails
Anchor Rods
Identifying Old Bolts
Attaching Fill Plates
Continuing Education
Column Plumbness Requirements

March 2011
Width-Thickness Limits
Shear Strength of Round HSS
Prying Action
Snug-Tight TC Bolts
Production Lots for Bolts
Plastic Design
Connection Design
Static Loads on Bolts

February 2011
Nuts and Washers for Anchor Rods
Conflicting Requirements Between Contract Documents
Paint Under Bolt Heads
Finding an AISC Member Fabricator or Erector
Plate Bending

January 2011
Protected Zones in SMF
Secondary Moments in Truss Design
Drain Holes for HSS
Steel Plate Thickness
Firm Contact
Vent Hole for Galvanizing
Heat Cambering

December 2010
End-loaded Bolted Joints
Sealing Fabrication Drawings
Accounting for Existing Web Openings
Checking Combined Loads
Bolted Joints in Seismic Applications
Drilling Through a Weld
SteelFacts

November 2010
Plates as Beams
Weld Metal Chioce in Seismic Applications
Minimum Percentage for Composite Design
Fire Protection for HSS
Sawing Inside Corners
Tee Stem in Compression Due to Bending
Balancing Welds for Snow Load?
Strength Increase for PJP Groove Welds?
Cracking in Composite Slabs Over Girders
Paint on Faying Surfaces
Finding an AISC Member Fabricator or Erector
Axial Force and Rotational Ductility in Shear Connections

October 2010
Beveled Transitions
AESS Expectations
Reinforcing an Existing Beam
Windows Compatability
Shear Stud Spacing in Composite Design
Proprietary Connection?
Flexural Stregnth at Bolt Holes
Axial Loads in Shear Connections

September 2010
Concentrically Braced Frame Design
R = 3 System
Fillet Welding of Studs
Unbalanced Loads on OCBF
Washers for Anchor Rods
Continuity Plate Welds
Structural Steel Utilization

August 2010
Tension Control Bolts
Beam-to-Column Orientation
Moment Splice
Historic Shape
What is a snug-tightened connection?
BF in Table B3.2
1987 Moment Frame
Member Splices
Flexure of Z-Shape
Flare Groove Weld
Window Washing Davits
Partially Engaged Nuts
Torch Cutting
CB Section

July 2010
Restrained Beam
Double-Angle Compression Member
Peak Stress
ASTM A307 Bolts
Weld for Single-Plate Shear Connection
Flexure of Flat Plate
Historic Beam Designation
Rivet Replacement
Table B4.1 — Compression or Flexure?
Maximum Bolt Tension
Block Shear

June 2010
Built-Up Compression Member
Historic Shape
S-shapes in Grade 50
Beam Framing Over Column
Weld Electrodes
Drift Index — H/400
Ry for Seismic Design
Second-Order Analysis for Braced Frames
CJP Groove Weld for HSS

May 2010
Open Parking Garages
Lateral Bracing for Cantilevers
Minimum Composite Shear Connection
One-Half of Uniform Load Capacity
Historic Angle Shapes

April 2010
Bracing Connection Work Point
Minimum Fillet Weld Size
Shape Surface Area
Minimum Connection Depth
Faying Surface Preparation
Beam Connection Location
Vibration Problem
Instanteneous Center of Rotation
Prequalified Connection
AISC Seismic Design Manual Table 4.2
HSS Dimensional Tolerances

March 2010
Specification Section J10 Limit States
Increasing Composite Beam Strength
External Load on a Pretensioned Bolt
Connection Filler Plates
Shear on Box Shapes
Maximum Fillet Weld Size
Bolted Connections for High-Seismic Applications
Winter Construction
Torsional Constant of T-shape
Preheat for Welding

February 2010
Member Stiffness Reductions
ASTM A490 Bolts Subject to Tension
Delayed Construction
Sx or Zx?
HSS Properties
Bolt Entering Direction
Stiffened Extended Single-Plate Shear Connection
Column Tier Height
Tension Control Bolts
Vertical Bracing Connection

January 2010
Extended End-Plate Stiffener
Anchor Rod Tensile Strength
Tension Calibrator
Flexure of an Unequal Leg Angle
Torsional and Flexural-Torsional Buckling
Minimum Lateral Load
Field Cutting of Steel
C-Coefficients
Temperature at Time of Erection
Plug Welds for Doubler Plates
Bearing Length — Nreq
Reduction in Area for Bolt Holes

December 2009
Reuse of Bolts
Slip-Critical Connections
UT of CJP Welds
K-Brace for OCBF System
Beam Bracing
Channel Columns
Bolt Hole Alternatives for Fit-Up
Use of Overstregnth Factor
Number of Washers

November 2009
Calculation of Weights
Document Discrepancies
Pipe Design
Allowable Stresses in 1967
Large Bolted Connections
High-Seismic Column Splice
Steel Properties at Elevated Temperatures
U-Factor in 1989 Column Tables
High-Seismic Column Splice Location

October 2009
Fillers
SCBF X-Brace
Evaluation of Existing Structures
Bolt Hole Sizes
Class A and Class B Coatings
Second-Order Analysis
Panel Zone Shear Strength
Conventional Configuration Single-Plate Shear Connections
Nut Type for Anchor Rods

September 2009
HSS Steel Availability
Installation Torque
Axial Strength of Channels
Thermal Cutting
Mill Cut or Square Cut?
Puddle Welds
Anchor Rods
Increase Fillet Weld Size for Gap?
Delayed Steel Erection
Prequalified Weld Details

August 2009
Bolt Spacing for Prying Action
Shear Center
Section Modulus Relative to Angle Leg Toe in Compression
Edge Distances for Single-Plate Shear Connections
Use of the Overstrength Factor Î©0
Evaluating Existing Bracing Connections
Beam Bracing

July 2009
Width-Thickness Limits for S-Shape with Cap-Channel
Column Buckling
Countersunk Bolts
Prequalified and Qualified High-Seismic Moment Connections
HSS Seismic Connections
Design Using the 2005 Specification
Rivet Head/Shaft Diameter Relationship
Single-Plate Shear Connections to HSS
Shear Lag

June 2009
Galvanized Slip-Critical Connections
Floor Plate
Rotational Restraint at Support
Bolting for High-Seismic Applications
Nut Engagement
Hole Sizes for Galvanized Bolts
Stiffeners for an EBF Link
Tensile Strength of Anchor Rods
Punching Shear
Shear Lag Factor

May 2009
Direction of Bend
Moment Connections
ASTM A449 Threaded Rods
CJP Weld for HSS
W/D Ratios
Elevated Temperature Service
Lifting Plate
Weak-Axis Flexure of Plates
Camber Measurement
Non-Destructive Testing of CJP Welds
Eccentrically Loaded Weld Groups
Thickness Limitation for Single-Plate Shear Connection

April 2009
Cb for HSS Beams?
ASTM F1554 vs. ASTM A449 Anchor Rods
Reuse of ASTM A325 Bolts
Brace Stiffness
Fire Rating of Concrete-Filled HSS
Welding or Bolting?
Design Guide 11â€”Walking Speeds
Column Leveling Plate
Round HSS or Pipe?
Extended Single-Plate Shear Connection

March 2009
Single-Angle Connection Tables
Referenced Design Standards
Brace Stiffness
ASTM F1554 versus ASTM A449 Anchor Rods
Calculating Cb
The Richards Factor
Cb for HSS Beams?
Shear Connectors Used in Multi-Story Construction
Double-Angle Connection Capacity
Basic Design Value Cards

February 2009
Extended Single-Plate Shear Connections
Compactness Criteria for Angles
IMF and OMF Connections
KC Factor?
Bending Bolts?
Restrained or Unrestrained Rating?
Camber Measurement
Iyc of Compression Flange
What is RTS?

January 2009
ASD Flexural Capacity in the 2005 Specification
Steel Types
Knee-Braced Frame
Dynamic Analysis
Skewed Single-Plate Connection
Prequalified 4ES Connection
Prequalified Connection Standards
Doubler or Stiffener Plate?
Thermally Cut Holes

December 2008
ASTM A500 Rounds
A325SC Bolts?
Connecting a Cambered Truss
Welding Anchor Rods to Rebar
Base Metal/Fastener Compatibility
Beam ‘Sweep’
Double-Concentrated Forces

November 2008
Effective Length of Vertical Braces
Specifying End Reactions
Beam/Column Connection with Axial Compression
Single Angle in Flexure
Extended Single-Plate Shear Connections
Bracing for Cantilever Beams

October 2008
Slip-Critical Bolts?
Charpy V-Notch Requirements
Flare-Bevel Groove Welds
Lessons Learned from the AISC Seminar
Welding in the K-Area?
Turning the Bolt Head
Block Shear Strength

September 2008
KL/r Modified for Single-Angle
Flexural Capacity of Channels
Fillet Weld Strength
Anchor Rod Push-Out
Fillet Weld for Single-Plate Shear Connection
Lp for Non-Compact Shapes
ASD or LRFD?
August 2008
Matching Filler Metals to Base Metals
Edge Distance Requirements
Joint Type in Seismic Applications
Effect of Flange Slenderness on Beam Capacity
Seismic Shear Loads on Components
Fit-Up Problems
Beam-Column Design
W8 Columns
Support Condition for Torsion
Selecting Seismic LFRS
Effects of High Temperature

July 2008
Stiffeners Required?
Standard Bolt Hole Size
Fillet Weld/Base Metal Thickness Correlation
Slip-Critical Faying Surfaces
V and Inverted-V Lateral Systems
Column Splice Locations
Direct Analysis Method
Singly Symmetric Shapes

June 2008
Turn-of-Nut Method
Web Slenderness Ratio
Comparison of Historic Shapes to Current Shapes
Two-Story X-Bracing
Restrained or Unrestrained?
Shape Group Numbers
Delamination
Seismic Design for Horizontal Bracing Members
Specifying Reactions

May 2008
CB Series Beams
Drilled-in Anchors
Historic Section Properties
Use of Grade 65 Steel
Pretension for TC Bolts
Remediation for Deflection Problems
One-third Stress Increase
Stiffness Reduction Factors
Single-Angle with Single-Bolt End Connection
R = 3.0 in SDC D?

April 2008
David T. Ricker
Welding to Existing Members
Lifting Beams
Double-Angle Connections
Crane Rail Tolerances
Rivet Removal

March 2008
Historic Lattice Columns
Flexural Strength Comparisons
Multiple Cranes in Runway
Evaluation of an Existing Structure
RBS Moment Connections
Backing Bar Thickness
Flexure of Single Angles
Edge Distance for Anchor-Rod Holes in Base Plates

February 2008
Nut Tightening on Anchor Rods
Combined Forces
Determining rt
LRFD or ASD
Steel for High-temperature Applications
Diagonal Brace Connection
Section Properties of Historic Shape
Strain Hardening

January 2008
Connection Strengths in the 13th Edition Manual
PJP Weld Throat
Washers for Anchor Rod Installations
KL/r Modified for Single-Angle
Shoring Removal
Double Angle Connection — Table 10-1
Recycled Content
Butt Splicing W-shape Beams
Fully Restrained or Partially Restrained
Suspended Sprinkler Loads

December 2007
Historic Lattice Columns
Evaluation of an Existing Structure
Shear Stud Requirements
Crane Runway Forces
Expansion Joint Location
Reduction for Splice Length
Seismic Retrofit of 1931 Building
Single Angle Design
Bolt Torque/Tension Equation?
Required Bolt Length

November 2007
Weak Axis Bending
Design Forces
R=3
Steel Availability & Fabricator Listings
Bending Radius
Shape Availability
Historic Steel Specifications
BF in Table 3-2
Unbraced Tee in Flexure

October 2007
Penetration into the Base Metal
Section Properties
PJP Weld Capacity
Single-Angle Bending
Slip-Critical Surface Classes
Edge Distance for Anchor Rod Holes
Historic Steel Beam Designation
Single-Plate Connections with Axial Loads

September 2007
Repairs at Protected Zones
Design Wall Thickness
65ksi Steel & LEED Certification
Slip-Critical Connection
Plate Girder Design
Traceability
Maximum Size of Fillet Weld
Specification Conformance for Existing Buildings
Extended Single-Plate Shear Connections
Thread Engagement

August 2007
Elevated Slab Tolerances
OCBF and Tension-Only Bracing
Pretensioned Bearing-Type Joints
Historic Shape Data
Stiffeners and Concentrated Forces
Girt Bracing
Required Edition of a Standard
Certification Exemption

July 2007
Base Anchorage in Seismic Zone
Backing Bar Removal
Moment Strength of Bolt Group
Shear Stud Placement
Additional Capacity Needed
Bearing Length
Column Table Using Rx/Ry

June 2007
Bolt Torque
External Load Applied to Pre-Tensioned Bolt
f Factor for Shear
Low-Temperature Service
LRFD Design
Non-Sesimic Braced Frame
Recycled Steel
Seismic Braced Frame Seminar
Serviceability & Strength Considerations for SC Bolted Joints
Tension-Only Bracing
Undefined Yield Strength in Manual Listing

May 2007
Backstepping
Filler Metal for High-Seismic Applications
Heat-Straightening Columns
Holes in Base Plates
Iy and J for Double-Angles
Knifed Connection
SCBF Brace Reinforcement
Slip-Critical Bolt Values
Slip-Critical Bolts Used in Shear Tabs

April 2007
Base Plate Bending
Bolt Values
Column Splice Design
Composite Steel Beam
Single-Plate Shear Connections
Torsional Unbraced Length
Wind Connections in Seismic Areas

March 2007
ASD and LRFD
ASTM F1554 Grade 36 vs. ASTM A36
End Panel
Flare Bevel Groove Welds in Tension and Compression
Historic Bolt & Rivet Strengths
Technical Bulletin No.3
What is the Difference Between Rt and Rts?
WT in Flexure

February 2007
1964 Drawings
AISC Specification Seminar
Backing Bar Requirements
Block Shear
Braced Frame Seismic Connections
Cantilever Framing
Lally Columns?
Slotted-Hole Dimensions
Tee Stem in Flexural Compression

January 2007
Galvanizing High-Strength Steel
High-Strength Bolts in 1956
Historic Non-ASTM Shapes
HSS Slot Tolerance (updated from October 2006)
Pile Shape?
Slip-Critical Bolts?
Steel Availability
Welding Carbon Steel to Stainless Steel

December 2006
Deep Column Section for SMF
Design Stress for Compression Members
Minimum Connections
Section Properties of Back-to-Back Channels
Thermal Cutting
Weld All Around?
Welding to 65ksi Steel
Workable Gage

November 2006
Floor Plate Design
Hooked or Headed Anchor Rod Embedment?
Limit States for HSS Flexural Members
Nominal or Tensile Stress Bolt Area?
Shop Camber — Field Measurement Conflict?
Use of ‘Actual’ Tested Yield Strength for Design

October 2006
Edge Distance for Base Plate Hole
AISC Series B-3 Connection
Bolt Installation Method
No W8 Columns?
Non-Building Structure
Shear Tabs on HSS
Tube Slot Tolerance
Wireless Interference

September 2006
Beam Splice in Protected Zone
Bolt Hole Sizes
Column Base Anchorage
Historic Shape Information
Pipe or Tube?
Preheat Requirements
WUF-W Connections for Special Moment Frames

August 2006
100-Year-Old Steel
Bent Anchor Rods
Grade 50 Angle Availability
Metric Bolts
Seismic Requirements for Composite SLRS
Seismically Braced Frame
Shear Tab Edge Distance

July 2006
1945 Steel
Fireproofing HSS Beams
Minimum Fillet Weld Size
No More Group Numbers?
Thermal Cutting
Using OCBF in SDC D
Weight of Paper

June 2006
Combined Loads on Anchor Rods
Cruciform Columns and RBS
Reduced Coefficient of Slip Resistance
Rod vs. Nut Strength
Shear Connection Capacities
Strength of Truss Connections

May 2006
Anchor Rod Embedment Detail
Axial Compression Capacity in March 2006 Steel Interchange
Bolt Bearing Resistance
Determining Iz for Single Angles
Historic Specification Issue Dates
Overstrength Requirement for Seismic Design of Diaphragms

April 2006
Allowable Stress for Anchor Rods
Bracing of Double Angle Diagonal
Column-Beam Moment Ratio
Cruciform Column in SMRF Design
Principal Axes Properties
Seismic Response Modification Coefficient (R-factor)
Strong Axis Bending of a Flat Plate

March 2006
1925 Steel Rivets
Axial Compression Capacity
Bolt Length
Cb Factor for Frames Braced Against Joint Translation
Cambered Beam Connection
Demand Critical Welds OMF
HSS in 50 ksi Material
Load Tests
Seismic Prequalified Connections

February 2006
Calibrated Wrench Pretensioning
Cantilevered Beam Stability Bracing
Cleaning Steel for Fireproofing
Contract Addenda
Seismic Brace-to-Gusset Plate Offset
Weld Interactions

January 2006
Bent Anchor Rods
Charpy V-notch Test Results
Flame-Cut Bolt Holes/Residual Stress
Modulus of Rigidity for HSS
Short Anchor Rods
Slot Dimensions
Slotted Hole Length
Welding HSS

December 2005
Composite Filled HSS
Seismic Category
Shear on Anchor Rods
Steel Plate Shear Walls
Trial Size for Composite Beam
Welding to Old Steel

November 2005
Backing Bar Removal
Base Plate Minimum Edge Distance
Fatigue Based on Stress Calculation
Mill and Fabrication Tolerances
Seismic Provisions and Collector Design
Weld Access Hole Requirements
Welding to Sheared Edges

October 2005
Beam Size
Drawings Conflict
Gusset Plate Yield Line (from July 2005)
Repairing Bent Anchor Rods
Shop and Erection Drawings
Translating Between ASD and LRFD

September 2005
Bolt Installation Using Hand Wrenches
Column Splice Erection Tolerances
Hot-Dip Galvanizing and Vent Holes
Conduit and Composite Slabs
Seismic End-Plate Moment Connection
Shear on Anchor Rods
Structural Steel Inspection

August 2005
Continuous vs. Intermittent Welds
Maximum Spacing
Seismic Provisions: Application of Ry
Splices and CVN Toughness
Weak-Axis Moment Connection Plates
What are kdetailing and kdesign Values?

July 2005
Anchor Embedment Length
Anchor Rod Grades
Bending of Tee Sections
Factors for Base Plates
Gusset Plate Yield Line
Use of Shims

June 2005
Constructability
Continuity Plates for IMF
Design of HSS Base Plates
Fire Resistance of Concrete-Filled HSS Columns
Minimum Percentage of Composite
Punching Shear

May 2005
Bolted End Plate Moment Connections
Continuous Versus Intermittent Weld
Erection Plan
IMF/Pre-qualified Moment Connections
New ASD/LRFD Combined AISC Code
Welded Moment Connections
Welder Qualifications

April 2005
Architecturally Exposed Structural Steel
Balanced Welds
HP Shapes
Moment Connections to HSS Columns
One-Third Stress Increase
Shop Inspection
Stud Weld Substitution for Deck Weld
Welding ASTM A992 Steel

March 2005
Design of Cantilever Beams
Expansion Joints Required for Temperature
Minimum Flange Thickness for Welding Studs
Tightening Tension Control Bolts

February 2005
Bottom Flange Bending Capacity
Edge Distance and Load Direction
Preheat & Stud Welding
Rehabilitation of ASTM
Single-Angle Shear Connection Eccentricity

January 2005
Base Plate Edge Distances
Field Cutting of Openings
Older Steel Grades
Rotational Ductility of Shear Connections
Wind Connections

December 2004
All-Welded Single-Plate Shear Connection
Anchor Rods Under Combined Tension & Shear
Narrow Columns with Continuity Plates
Slender WT Stem in Flexural Compression
Welding to Galvanized Steel

November 2004
Composite HSS Column-Minimum Wall Thickness
Grout Packs & Base Plates
Notches in Wide-Flange Beams
OHSA & Double Connections
Preheat & Stud Welding
Seismic Provisions & Bolted Joints

October 2004
Beam Stability under Reverse Loading
Fillet Weld Design Strength Increase
HSS Connection Economy
Knee Braces on Crane Support Columns
Prequalified Shop Welding
Pretensioning Low-Strength Anchor Rods
Reduction in Stud Shear Connection Design Strength

September 2004
Anchor Rods Under Cyclic Loads
ASTM A490 Bolts and Fatigue Loads
Fillet Weld Terminations
Rehabilitation of ASTM A9 Steel and Rivets

August 2004
Column Splice Gaps
Cracks Over Composite Beams
Panel-Zone Web Sheer
Sloped Column Continuity Plates
Specifying Connection Design Forces
Weak-Axis Lateral-Torsional Buckling

July 2004
Backing Bar Removal
Filling Weld Access Holes
Grouting Base Plates
Separators in Double Angle Struts
Single Angle Under Axial Load and Bending
Unbraced Length of Cantilever

June 2004
Fillet Weld Size Limitations
Odd-Sized Holes
Paint on Faying Surfaces
Paint Under Nuts and Bolt Heads
Repairing Rough Edges
Roughness Limitations
Selecting Paint Systems
Tolerances
Weld Symbols
When To Paint

May 2004
Fatigue and Wind
Hole Spacing
Stitching Requirements
Stub Girder Construction
Threaded Coupler for Anchor Rods
Cambered Beam Connections

April 2004
Anchor Rods and Load Path
Bolt Tests
HSS and Single-Plate Shear Connections
OCBF Lacking Diaphragm Action
Re-Entrant Corners
Weak-Axis Moment Connections

March 2004
Buckling Restraint
Developing Welded Elements
Dimension Dilemma
Gages Gone
Non-Compact?
Seeing is Believing
Sleeve Nuts
Types of Bolts
Weld Metal Myth

February 2004
ASTM A325/A490 Bolts
Bearing Strength
HSS Seismic Braces
Seal Welds
Sufficient Thread Engagement
Welding Anchor Rods

January 2004
Blast Effects
Weathering Steel

December 2003
Fatigue Stress Range
Making Fillet Welds
Quality of Structural Drawings
T-Stub Moment Connection

November 2003
Pretensioning Anchor Rods
Industry Standards
Spray-Applied Fire Protection
Steel After Fire
Fire Temperatures
Change in R Values

October 2003
ASD and Seismic Provisions
Bearing Strength
Bolts in Extended-End Plate Connections
Single-Angle Geometric Properties
Single-Plate Shear Connections
Threads in Tension Rods

September 2003
Curved Shapes
Pretensioning Anchor Rods
Referencing Specifications
Repairing Welds

August 2003
Fillet Weld Strength
Hot-Dipped Galvanized Bolts
Second-Order Effects
Shear Stud Reduction Factor
Unauthorized Shop Splices
Unpainted Steel

July 2003
ASTM A572 Grade 50 and ASTM A992
Bending Limits
Critical Buckling Stress
Designing For Large Cope Depths
Expansion Anchors and Washers
Height-Thickness Ratios
LEED Certification
June 2003
Flame Cut Holes
HSS Design Wall Thickness
Maximum Size of Fillet Welds
PR Connections
Slip Factor of Galvanized Steel
Tension-Field Action
Torque and Bolt Pretension
Torsion and ASD

May 2003
‘Cold Galvanizing’
Abrasion Resistance of Galvanized Coating
Differences in Galvanized Steel Appearances
Environmental Impact of Zinc Coatings
G90 and A60 Coatings
Galvanized Steel Exposure Temperatures
Galvanized Steel in Contact with Other Metals
Galvanizing Large Articles
Hot-Dip Galvanized vs. Zinc-Plated Fasteners
Hot-Dip Galvanizing After Fabrication vs. Continuous Hot-Galvanized Sheet
How Does Galvanizing Protect Steel?
Painting Galvanized Steel
Performance of Galvanized Steel in Permanent Water Immersion
Salt Spray Tests for Galvanized Steel
Specifications For Hot-Dip Galvanized Steel
Specifying Zinc Amounts on Steel
Steps of the Galvanizing Process
Wet Storage Stains on Galvanized Steel

April 2003
Bolt Hole Sizes
Effective Length Factor
HSS Slotted Gusset Plate
Prying Action of Tees and Double-Angles
Seismic Force Reduction Factor
Weld Access Holes

March 2003
ASTM A36, A572, and A992
Height Limitations in OMFs
HSS Members in Seismic Design
OCBFs in Low Buildings
Ordinary and Intermediate Moment Frames
Sizing Washers

February 2003
Avoiding Column Continuity Plates
Column Erection Tolerances
Composite Floor Penetrations
Net Area Calculation
New ASTM Standards and Old AISC Specifications
Order of Precedence
Seismic Column Splices
Whitmore Section

January 2003
Bolted Hanger-Type Connections
Prying Action

DECEMBER 2002

November 2002
Extended End-Plate Connections
Hollow Structural Sections and Pipes

October 2002
Consideration of Connection Eccentricity
Shop and Erection Drawing Standard
Single-Plate Shear Connection
Tees Under Flexure
Thickness of Gusset Plate for Fillet Welds
Thread Engagement

September 2002
Circular Base Plate Design
Moment Frame/Seismic
PR Connections
Pretensioning Anchor Rods
Welding Through Paint

August 2002
Anchor Rods
Built-Up Shapes
Galvanizing
Shear Capacity of Bolts
Workable Gages

July 2002
Material Specifications
Shape-Fillet Encroachment
Slip-Critical Joint Surface Preparation
Steel Deck Details
X-Bracing Design

June 2002
Restrained Condition
Shear Lag
Square Tubular Section Arches

May 2002
Bolt Orientation
Bolted Connection Design
Bottom Flange Plate
Gusset Plate Buckling
Lacing Column Design
Masonry Shelf Angles

April 2002
Backing Bars
Seismic Design
Seismic Design of Base Plates

March 2002
A325 and A490 Bolts
Cambering Equipment
Shear Tabs
Traceability and Identification
Web Panel-Zone Shear

February 2002
Curved Members

JANUARY 2002

December 2001
Bolt Projection Beyond Nut
Flexure in AISC ASD Specification
Slip-Critical Connections

November 2001
Biaxial Bending in Beams
IBC 2000 and AISC Seismic Provisions
Welding Through Metal Deck

October 2001
Lateral Drift with Brick Veneer or Concrete Masonry
Welding on Existing Members

September 2001
Anchor Rods too Short
Building Lines
Crane Design
Curved Structural Members
Stiffener Requirements

August 2001
1929 Properties
A36 Plate
Braced Frames and 1997 UBC
Cambering Galvanized Members
Column Splices
Galvanizing Limits
Old Beam Sizes
Roof Deck Providing Bracing
Single Plate Connections

July 2001
Beam Camber
Origin of K-factors for Columns

June 2001
Bolt Shear/Tension Interaction
Semi-Rigid Connections
Steel Sheet Piling
Tensile Area for Threaded Fasteners
Welding Channels to Wide-Flange Beams

May 2001
Lateral Support for Beams
Notional Loads
Slip-Critical Galvanized Surface Preparation
Slotted HSS Connections
Welding Older Steel

April 2001
OSHA Rules for Erection
Shelf-Angle Design
Uniform Force Method

March 2001
Second Order Analysis
Snug-tightened Bolts Make Sense
Special Truss Moment Frames
Surface Finishes
Technical Note: Specifying Anchor Bolts

February 2001
Bent Clip Plates for Connections
Heat Straightening vs. Mechanical Realignment
Load Transfer in Bolted Connections
Technical Note: ASTM A992 now costs less than A36 for W-shapes
Use of ‘Jam’ Nuts

January 2001
Checking Camber in the Field
Economical Composite Beam Design
Seismic Requirements for Simple Buildings
When to Use ASTM A449 Bolts

December 2000
A992
Seismic Connections
Single Angles
Technical Note: Pipe vs. Round HSS
Web Openings

November 2000
AASHTO Bearing Stiffeners
Welding Studs Through Paint

October 2000
Bracket Plates
Bridge Fillets and Haunches
Minimum Connection Depth

September 2000
Drafting Standards
Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW)
Holes for Anchor Rods
HSS Properties
HSS Through-Plate Connections
Re-Use of Shop Drawings
Twist-Off Bolts

August 2000
HSS Cap Plates & Drainage Holes

July 2000
Bolts with Cyclic Loads
Exposed Steel
Floor Levelness
Grade 50

June 2000
Beam Gages
Cold Galvanizing
SCBFs
Seismic Overstrength Factors
Truss Analysis

May 2000
Composite Beam Deflections
Cope Radii
Crane Rails
Monorail Design
SAE Bolts
WT Shapes

April 2000
Double Angle Connections

March 2000
‘Safety’ Connections
Expansion Joints

February 2000
‘X’-Bolts
Butt Splices
Girts
Single Plate Connections

January 2000
Seismic Connections
Temperature Differentials During Erection
Welding Through Paint

December 1999
Bottom Flange Bending Capacity
Flame-Cut Bolt Holes

November 1999
Angles and Channels in 50 ksi Steel
Temporary Structures
Using A940 Bolts in Slotted or Oversized Holes
V-Braces

October 1999
Cb Applied to Moment Frames With Pin Supports
Coatings on Connection Faying Surfaces
Compression Element Restraint Coefficient
Plug Welding to Anchor Rods
Sidesway Behavior of Frame
Simple Shear Tabs & Fillet Welds

September 1999
Erection Clearance & Slip Critical Connections
Short Slots in Double Angle Connections
1/3 Stress Increase

August 1999
Short Shear Studs
Threaded Connectors in Tension

July 1999
‘Banging Bolts’
Properties for HSS Sections
Stair Stringers & Stiffener Plates
Welding Partially Restrained Connections

June 1999
Column Base Plate Shear Lugs
Crane Rails
Drilled Holes for Anchor Bolts
Guidelines for Bent Anchor Rods
Slenderness Ratio

MAY 1999

April 1999
Lateral Support for Beams
Weathering Steel

March 1999
Concrete Cover of Shear Stud
Construction Joints
Design Strengths for Clevises

February 1999
Bolt Hole Sizes
Definiton of ‘Mill to Bear’
Extended Shear Tabs
Materials and Design Properties in Older Structures
NDE Inspection
Non-Destructive Examination
OSHA Requirements for Column Base Plates
Welding to A7 and/or A9 Steel

JANUARY 1999

December 1998
Friction Coefficients
Stiffening End-Plate Moment Connections
Weak Axis Effective Length

November 1998
Base Plate Grouting
Bolts in Extended End-Plate Moment Connections
Machine Bolts
Stiffener Member for Bending Moment

October 1998
Through Truss Pedestrian Walkway
Wind Load Applications: Enclosed vs. Partially Enclosed

September 1998
Oversized Bolt Holes
Repair Code for Steel Beams

August 1998
Bending Members
Specific Load Combination

July 1998
Rivet Removal

June 1998
Steel Deck Diaphram on Gabled Roof

May 1998
Pratt Truss with Odd Number of Panels
Welding of Clip Angles to Web of Beams that have Wide Flanges
Selecting Field Splice Locations

April 1998
Composite Action in Encased Beams
Full Contact Joints
Long-Span Plate Girder
Seismic Provisions vs. LRFD Specification
Whitmore Section

March 1998
OSHA Requirements for Tie Off Points
Pratt Truss
Unbraced Length of Column

February 1998
Tolerance for Vertical and Horizontal Alignment of Crane Rail in Mill Type Building
Checking Tube Wall for Failure
Designing Built-Up Section for Moving Concentrated Loads
Throat Thickness of Fillet Welds

January 1998
Lifting Beam

December 1997
End-Plate Connections
Minimum Length of Thread on Structural Bolts

November 1997
Stiffener Welded to Flat Plate

October 1997
Allowable Stress for Steel Tank Wall
Load Factors for Pre-Packaged Equipment
St. Venant and Warping Torsion in Monorails

September 1997
Lifting Beams
Mig Wire Size for E70XX Specification
Tolerance of Crane Rail
Weld or Bolt First?
Welded Double Angle Connection Design

August 1997
A325 vs. A490 Bolts
Allowable Stress in Lintels
Design for Square Bins and Hoppers
High-Strength Bolts and Welds
Minimum Length of Thread on Bolts
Special Tolerances for Cladding
Weathering Steel High Strength Bolts

July 1997
Cambered vs. Rolled Beams

June 1997
Design Basis for Seat Angles
Designing a Hole for Piping Equivalent Radius of Gyration
In-Plane Effective Length Factor
Stepped Column Design

May 1997
Bearing vs. Slip-Critical Connections
Bolted Connections in Tension
Load Capacity for Lifting Beam With No Lateral Support
Unbraced Trolley Beam
Warping Torsion Stresse